Populism and Anti-Establishment Discourses in Dravidian Politics: Effects on Party System Stability in Tamil Nadu

The Tamil Nadu Dravidian parties—Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)—present an interesting case study of populism's contribution to regional party systems. Having originated out of anti-caste establishment movements and North cultural hegemony, Dravidian politics has institutionalized a unique populism tradition that combines welfare-based government, charismatic leadership, and mass mobilization. The populism, while guaranteeing regional party dominance, has also led to political instability, electoral polarization, and changes in voter behaviour. This article analyses the way Dravidian populism engages with larger trends shaping party systems in India, notably the challenge of politically stabilizing in the face of increasing populist pressure. Using my analysis on Dravidian party communication strategies, and voter behaviour surveys, the research delves into the mechanisms by which populist discourse strengthens party legitimacy at the same time that it creates political competition and instability. Some key themes are the individualization of leadership, mobilization by caste, welfare populism as a vote catch, and the effect of digitalization on populist communication. Placing Dravidian populism in the international discourse of anti-establishment movements, this research sheds light on the way regional parties respond to evolving socio-political conditions. The conclusions add to the overall conference theme by providing a comparative insight into party system development, populist durability, and the problems of democratic rule in transition political contexts.