Expanded Triangular Fuzzy Neutrosophic Numbers for Safety Risk Evaluation of Urban Rail Transit Engineering: An Innovative Method for Better Risk Assessment

Safety assessment of urban rail transit (URT) operations plays a crucial role not only in shaping passenger travel choices but also in urban development planning. The findings of such assessments are valuable for both passengers and transport operators. In this study, we propose an integrated multi-stage evaluation framework to assess URT operations from a safety perspective. This framework considers decision-makers' (DMs') risk preferences and the uncertainty of available information. We employ two key methods: the CRITIC method to determine the weights of evaluation criteria and the MOORA method to rank the alternatives. Both methods operate within the framework of triangular fuzzy neutrosophic sets (TFNSs) to handle uncertainty and imprecise data. Our evaluation includes nine criteria and six alternatives, assessed by four experts and decision-makers. The results indicate that Structural Integrity is the most critical criterion, having the highest weight in the evaluation process.