Acute Rheumatic Fever A brief overview of its pathogenesis, prevalence, epidemiology

Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) is an autoimmune sequela of pharyngeal infection with group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS), primarily affecting children and adolescents. ARF continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries and among underserved populations in high-income nations. The disease manifests with a variety of symptoms including carditis, arthritis, chorea, and dermatologic signs. ARF may progress to chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in young adults. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, immunopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, therapeutic interventions, and preventive strategies. Emphasis is placed on early recognition, evidence-based management, and long-term prophylaxis to curb recurrence and associated complications.