Integration of Solar PV, Grid, and Battery Energy Storage for Smart Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Multi-Mode Energy Management

This paper proposes a comprehensive electric vehicle (EV) charging station system integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation, grid connection, and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The primary energy source for charging EVs is solar power, with grid power serving as a supplementary source when solar energy is insufficient. Additionally, the system incorporates a BESS to provide backup power, ensuring uninterrupted EV charging during periods of low solar generation or grid outages. The system supports multiple operational modes: (i) Grid to EV (G2V), where the grid powers EV charging directly; (ii) EV to Grid (V2G), where excess energy from EVs can be fed back into the grid; (iii) BESS to Grid, enabling stored energy in the battery to support grid stability; and (iv) Renewable Energy to Grid, where surplus solar power is fed directly into the grid. These modes enhance energy flexibility, reliability, and grid stability while optimizing the utilization of renewable resources. A fuzzy logic controller dynamically manages power flows between the grid, EVs, solar PV, and BESS, ensuring efficient energy distribution and power quality. Simulation results demonstrate the system’s capability to maintain stable operation under varying energy availability, contributing to smart grid applications and renewable energy integration.