Impact of climate change on soil

Abstract. Although climate change is a global phenomenon, various regions are vulnerable to climate change. The process of climate change has accelerated in recent times due to increasing human activities. The average global surface temperature has increased by 0.6 degrees Celsius in 100 years, a phenomenon known as global warming. In the next few years, temperatures across states are likely to increase by about 3 degrees Celsius and rainfall is expected to increase by 10-20 percent. Uncertainty in minimum and maximum temperatures, which may adversely affect agricultural production and productivity. According to a report, by 2080, the average surface temperature of the Indian subcontinent will remain in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 degrees Celsius. It is estimated that India will experience a 5 to 25% decrease in monsoon during the winter months and a 10 to 15% increase in summer monsoon, and monsoon rainfall will fall without any trend. India will also start experiencing large-scale temperature fluctuations, with temperatures higher in winter than in summer, and the duration of heat waves has increased across India in recent years. As night temperatures and days become warmer, this change in rainfall and timing will have adverse effects on agriculture as a whole. Changes in soil moisture, pests and weeds due to climate change will affect crops. The extent and intensity of soil degradation and the conditions under which it is being faced are alarming, with about 142 million hectares of the country's 329 million hectares under cultivation and 120 million hectares in barren and fallow land. About 6.73 million hectares of the country are affected by salinity and alkalinity. Out of the 6.73 million hectares, 2.22 million hectares are in Gujarat alone. Gujarat has 0.12 million hectares of saline black soil. Soil is essential for plant life, ecosystems and agriculture. Climate change affects soil, leading to changes in soil erosion, organic carbon, nutrients and salinity. The reduction in soil carbon due to climate change also affects the calculation of carbon emissions from land.