Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies

Osteoporosis is a chronic and progressive bone disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD), microarchitectural deterioration, and increased bone fragility. This condition, which significantly elevates the risk of fractures, primarily affects elderly individuals, particularly postmenopausal women. The disease is driven by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, wherein osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblast activity. Key risk factors for osteoporosis include genetic predispositions, aging, hormonal changes, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyles, and certain medical conditions and medications. As the disease often progresses without symptoms until a fracture occurs, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial.