Toyoides Matsumura 1935

Genus Toyoides Matsumura, 1935 Type species: Toyoides albipennis Matsumura, 1935, by original designation. Toyoides Matsumura, 1935: 78; Ding, 2006: 303. Epunka Matsumura, 1935: 77. syn. n. Diagnosis. Distinguished by other genera frons with median carina forked above level of upper margin of eyes (Figs 1C, 2C); anal segment with one pair of spinosus processes protrudes caudally (Figs 4C–D); genital styles forceps-shaped, converging apically (Figs 4A, G); aedeagus hook-shaped, upper process longer than lower distinctly, curved ventrally; suspensorium ring-shaped, length longer than width visibly, fused at middle of aedeagus (Figs 4I, K). Redescription. Recognized by body length 5-7 mm, large and macropterous taxon; general coloration of body light green to brown; wings hyaline or brown.Head narrower than pronotum, in lateral view head anteriorly projecting, appearing slightly upcurved; carinae of vertex other vertex carinae visible. Frons parallel, narrower between below level of eyes; median carina forked above level of upper margin of eyes; vertex much longer than wide; antennae cylindrical; segment II nearly two times longer than segment I; segment II with several sensory pits; lateral ocelli not visible, near anteroventral margin of compound eye. Lateral carinae of pronotum not reaching posterior margin. Hind tibiae with one lateral spine; spur long and triangular, black-tipped teeth. Male pygofer longer than wide in lateral and caudal view; opening of pygofer semicircular. Genital styles forceps-shaped, converging and narrowing towards the apex. Aedeagus hook-shaped, overlapped with suspensorium, dividing medially and upper appendage much longer than lower. Suspensorium oval, longer than wide. Anal segment short, protruded caudally and curved to ventrally (modified from Yang, 1989; Ding, 2006). Distribution. South Korea (Gyeonggi) *, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Tsushima Island), Taiwan (Kaohsiung, Tainan) (Matsumura, 1935; Yang, 1989; Ding, 2006; Hayashi & Fujinuma, 2016). Etymology. The original description does not provide the etymology (Matsumura, 1935); it simply states, ‘Closely allied to Toya DIST., but differs from the latter as follows: …’. It is speculated that the genus name was formed by combining ‘ Toya ’ with the suffix ‘-oides’ (likeness), along with a Latin suffix. Host plants. Pennisetum alopecuroides and Miscanthus floridulus have been recorded as hosts of T. albipennis, and Phacelurus latifolius is newly recorded as a host of T. bilineata comb. n. All hosts belong to the subfamily Panicoideae (Poales: Poaceae). Remarks. Synopsis of the genus Toyoides. After Matsumura (1935) initially described this taxon, Ishihara (1949) transferred it to the genus Euidella Puton, and Yang (1989) reclassified to the genus Kakuna Matsumura. Ding (2006) resisted this genus and state that this genus differs from the genus Kakuna based on the hind tibia spines and its genital characteristics are similar to those of the genus Euides. In summary, Toyoides is distinguished from other related genera based on the forked portion of the frons and hook-shaped aedeagus. In this study, we have redescribed the generic characteristics (detailed taxonomic histories are provided in the remarks of each species). Synonymy of the genus Epunka. The genus Epunka Matsumura is endemic to Japan, distributed only in Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Tsushima Island (Matsumura, 1935; Hayashi & Fujinuma, 2016). Historically, this taxon comprised only one species, E. bilineata. Ishihara (1949) synonymized this genus with the genus Euidella, although this classification was not accepted in more recent publications (Nast, 1972; Hayashi & Fujinuma, 2016). The genera Epunka and Toyoides were first established in a paper by Matsumura (1935). However, the morphological differences between the two genera were not presented; only the differences between each genus and their closely related genera (Epunka – Euides and Toyoides – Toya) were provided. The protologue indicates that the genus Euides can be distinguished by the presence of a frontal fork that is much longer and does not become narrow between the eyes; the middle keel in the pro-and mesonotum is not conspicuous. Morphological comparison of the type specimens for the two genera in this study revealed that, the male genitalia of the genus Epunka could be described in detail for the first time. Matsumura & Ishihara (1945) only offered a brief illustration of the male anal segment, the habitus (forked portion on frons of median carina) and genital characters (hook-shaped aedeagus) are accorded with the genus Toyoides, here we treat the genus Epunka as the junior synonym of the genus Toyoides. Key to the genus Toyoides and its related groups (modified from Ding, 2006) 1. Frons with median carina forked above level of upper margin of eyes (Figs 1C, 2C)................................ 2 - Frons with median carina forked below level of upper margin of eyes............................ Kakuna Matsumura 2. Pygofer with medioventral process............................................................. Euides Fieber - Pygofer without medioventral process (Figs 4E–F).......................................... Toyoides Matsumura Checklist of the genus Toyoides Matsumura 1. Toyoides albipennis Matsumura, 1935 Toyoides albipennis Matsumura, 1935: 78; Ding, 2006: 304. Euidella albipennis Ishihara, 1949: 34. Kakuna albipennis Yang, 1989: 62. Distributions: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Taiwan (Tainan). 2. Toyoides bilineata (Matsumura, 1935) comb. n. Epunka bilineata Matsumura, 1935: 77. Euidella bilineata Ishihara, 1949: 34. Distributions: South Korea (Gyeonggi) *, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Tsushima Island). 3. Toyoides mira (Yang, 1989) Kakuna mira Yang, 1989: 64. Toyoides mira Ding, 2006: 306. Distribution: Taiwan (Kaohsiung). Key to species of Toyoides (modified from Yang, 1989; Ding, 2006) 1. Frons with median carina forked above level of lower margin of eyes (Figs 2C, 3D)................................ 2 - Frons with median carina forked below level of lower margin of eyes (Fig. 1C)................. T. albipennis Matsumura 2. Tegmina distinctly curved (Fig. 3D); division of aedeagus with spinule (Fig. 4I)........ T. bilineata (Matsumura) comb. n. - Tegmina almost straight; division of aedeagus without spinule...................................... T. mira (Yang)