Croton Bonplandianus Baill. (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnobotany, Bioactivity, and Toxicological Perspectives

Croton bonplandianus Baill., a member of the Euphorbiaceae family, is an herbaceous plant widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Traditionally used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties, this plant has recently garnered scientific interest for its diverse phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the botanical characteristics, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicological profile of C. bonplandianus. Studies have identified a variety of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, diterpenoids, and phenolics that contribute to its therapeutic effects such as antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial activities. However, despite its promising medicinal value, several safety concerns persist. Reports of skin irritation, cytotoxicity, gastrointestinal disturbances, and suspected reproductive toxicity highlight the need for cautious application and further toxicological evaluation. This review also explores recent research and potential applications of the plant in pharmacology and agriculture, while identifying gaps in knowledge that warrant future investigations. Establishing a clearer safety profile and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of action will be crucial for harnessing the full therapeutic potential of Croton bonplandianus in modern medicine.