Chikungunya: A Comprehensive Narrative Review on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Management

The virus that causes Chikungunya fever (CHIKF), the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is carried by arthropods, primarily Aedes mosquitoes. A major global health concern since its initial discovery in Tanzania in 1952, CHIKF is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. The virus, which belongs to the Togaviridae family, causes acute febrile disease that can last for months or years and is marked by fever, rash, and incapacitating arthralgia. Urban and sylvatic cycles are the means of transmission, and ecological and environmental factors impact epidemics. The disease's potential for epidemics and protracted joint-related symptoms results in significant socioeconomic costs. RT-PCR, immunofluorescence tests, and serology are diagnostic methods that differentiate CHIKV from related diseases such as dengue fever. Although supportive care is still the cornerstone of treatment, current studies examine the effectiveness of conventional treatments such as Nilavembu Kudineer, vaccine development, and antiviral medicines. The approval of the first CHIKV vaccine in 2023 marked an important turning point in disease prevention. By providing an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical symptoms, and developments in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CHIKV, this study emphasizes the critical need for concerted efforts to lessen the disease's impact on public health.