Digital Divide Among ASEAN Countries: Evidence from Vietnam, Philippines, Laos, Cambodia and Indonesia.

This study investigates digital convergence among ASEAN’s low-Human Development Index (HDI) countries—Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos—using fixed broadband subscriptions and internet usage as indicators of digitalization. Through sigma and beta convergence analyses, findings show a lack of convergence, with persistent disparities in digital infrastructure and adoption across these nations. While digitally advanced countries like Indonesia and Vietnam show progress, lower-HDI nations such as Cambodia and Laos face significant structural and policy challenges that limit fair access to digital resources. Policy recommendations include foundational investments in broadband infrastructure for low-HDI countries and a regional ASEAN Digital Cohesion Fund to support digital equity. The study highlights the need for coordinated national, regional, and international efforts to advance digital inclusivity, aligning with ASEAN’s goal of a resilient and inclusive digital economy.