The impact of motivation on learner retention

It is well established that motivation significantly influences how learners acquire and apply new skills. Motivational processes, including those grounded in Self-Determination Theory, can enhance the cultural identity of low-performing students. This is particularly relevant given that learning is not culturally neutral. This literature review summarises key findings on motivation in relation to culturally appropriate practices and provides suggestions for future research. Key findings indicate that most intervention studies emphasise the importance of addressing cultural bias and tailoring interventions to meet individual student needs. Furthermore, culturally responsive teacher training, conducted both individually and in groups, is identified as essential. The studies reviewed were primarily conducted in school settings in the US and Europe and were predominantly qualitative. Consequently, current research may lack rigour and generalisability due to its focus on Western samples. Future studies could address this limitation by incorporating data from non-Western cultures and other settings, such as universities, to enhance the broader applicability of findings. Additionally, increasing the use of quantitative measures could improve the rigour of research. Employing mixed-methods approaches would also be beneficial, enabling the triangulation of data to evaluate both intervention outcomes (using quantitative methods to explore what happens) and processes (using qualitative methods to examine how and why outcomes are achieved).