Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Ensete Superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman Fruits and Seeds: An Emerging Medicinal Treasure

Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman, commonly known as Cliff Banana, is a monocarpic perennial shrub from the Musaceae family, native to the Western Ghats, northeastern India, and northern Thailand. The plant grows up to 3.7 meters tall with a swollen base and produces small, triangular fruits containing brown seeds. The seeds of Ensete superbum are valued for their medicinal properties and have been traditionally used by indigenous healers to treat conditions like stomach-ache, diabetes, measles, leucorrhoea, debility, and kidney stones. The seeds are rich in various phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies suggest the plant has significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-fertility, nephroprotective, and anti-urolithiatic activities. The plant thrives in damp, rocky terrains and is particularly noted for its adaptability to dry conditions. Additionally, its ethnobotanical uses include treating snake bites, jaundice, psychomotic disorders, and promoting easy delivery in pregnant women. Despite its widespread traditional use, further research is needed to isolate and study the chemical constituents of its seeds and roots for potential clinical applications. The current study emphasizes the need for more comprehensive research to explore the medicinal potential of Ensete superbum for human health.