Water Quality and Public Health in India: Challenges, Policy Interventions, and Sustainable Solutions

Abstract: Water quality is a critical determinant of public health, particularly in a rapidly developing country like India, where industrialization, urbanization, and population growth have exacerbated water contamination challenges. Despite significant progress through initiatives like the Jal Jeevan Mission and Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen (SBM-G) Phase II, approximately 35 million Indians still lack access to safe drinking water. Contaminants such as arsenic, fluoride, and microbial pathogens remain prevalent, leading to a substantial burden of waterborne diseases. Reports indicate that 21% of communicable diseases in India are linked to poor water quality, with diarrheal diseases remaining a leading cause of child mortality. The economic implications are also significant, with the water and sanitation sector requiring an estimated investment of USD 270 billion by 2030 to meet sustainable development goals. This paper analyzes recent advancements, policy interventions, and persistent challenges in water quality management, emphasizing the need for integrated governance, public-private partnerships, and innovative technological solutions. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing wastewater treatment capacity, and ensuring equitable access to clean water remain imperative for safeguarding public health and achieving long-term sustainability