Impact of Disinfectants and Insecticides on Fish Physiology

Aquaculture is vital for global food security, but the routine use of disinfectants and insecticides essential for disease and pest control can threaten fish health and ecosystem balance when mismanaged. Chemicals like Didecyldimethyl Ammonium Chloride (DDAC) and Cypermethrin are effective at controlling microbes and parasites, yet even low doses can cause significant harm to non-target species such as fish. These substances can accumulate in aquatic environments, damaging fish gills, disrupting nervous and endocrine systems, weakening immunity, and altering behaviour and reproduction. Chronic exposure often results in reduced growth, higher mortality, and poor fish welfare. To ensure sustainable aquaculture, it is essential to use these chemicals judiciously, favour eco-friendly alternatives like hydrogen peroxide, and implement strategies like biofilters, vegetative buffers, and biological pest control. Educating farmers on proper chemical handling and monitoring water quality can help reduce environmental impact. A balanced, science-based approach is critical to protect aquatic life while maintaining productivity in aquaculture.