Tunnel Boring Machines: Technological Advancements and Applications in Modern Infrastructure in India: A Comprehensive Review

Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) play a crucial role in the highly mechanized process of excavating hard rock tunnels. Mechanization extends beyond excavation to include the installation of temporary support and the final tunnel lining. Advanced computer-aided systems have been developed to enhance efficiency, incorporating sensor-based data collection, digital storage of operational and survey information, real-time visualization and control of key TBM functions, and process-oriented automation of tunneling operations. This article highlights recent advancements in tunneling technology, specifically focusing on gripper and shielded TBMs. For gripper TBMs, innovations such as ground stabilization immediately behind the cutter head and optimized logistics through engineered backup systems are emphasized. Additionally, the essential backup system components required to sustain the high efficiency of shielded TBMs are outlined.