Dielectric Characterization of Sodic Soils in the C-Band: Implications for Soil Classification and Reclamation

Abstract Sodic soils, characterized by high exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and poor structure, are detrimental to agricultural productivity and sustainability. Traditional evaluation methods are time-consuming and site-specific. This study investigates the dielectric behavior of sodic soils from Akola district, India, using C-band microwave frequencies (4–8 GHz). A custom-built dielectric bench enabled dielectric constant measurements (ε′) under varying moisture conditions. Results demonstrate a clear relationship between dielectric constant, moisture, ESP, and electrical conductivity (EC). Post-reclamation treatments like gypsum application and leaching showed measurable improvements in dielectric behavior. These findings provide a scientific basis for rapid, non-destructive classification and monitoring of sodic soils using electromagnetic properties, offering a path forward for precision agriculture and reclamation efforts in salt-affected areas.