The Effects of Caffeine on The Human Body: A Comprehensive Review

Caffeine, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine chemically, is one of the most used dietary compounds globally, found in tea, coffee, and soft drinks. Tea and coffee constitute the main sources of caffeine, with energy drinks also being a source. Moderate caffeine intake is safe and supported by regulatory authorities. Caffeine offers performance-enhancing effects like heightened mental awareness and physical endurance. Recent studies associate caffeine with weight loss and lowering the risk of metabolic syndrome. Adverse effects of excessive caffeine consumption, particularly in pregnant women and children, should be taken into account. Recent patterns of caffeine consumption have generated the concern of health authorities about its behavioral and physiological cumulative effect. Susceptible groups, such as children and pregnant women, can be harmed by caffeine consumption. Caffeine is extremely safe in healthy adults but can be detrimental to cardiovascular function and sleep in certain susceptible populations. New evidence unveils the impact of caffeine on embryonic development and pregnancy complications. Individual differences in caffeine's effects indicate the possibility of epigenetic control. Epigenetic alterations in the fetus can result from caffeine exposure, influencing subsequent generations. The paper discusses how caffeine affects the capacity .