THE NEXUS BETWEEN MENTAL ILLNESS AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY: A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO GUJARAT STATE

The concept of criminal responsibility is foundational to any system of criminal law. When mental illness interferes with a person's ability to understand or control their actions, it challenges traditional notions of culpability and justice. This research explores the socio-legal dimensions of psychiatric illness in relation to criminal behaviour, with particular reference to Gujarat State. By examining statutory laws, judicial interpretations, and selected case studies, this study assesses how mental illness is treated in the context of criminal responsibility. It evaluates the efficacy of the insanity defence under Section 84 IPC, the application of procedural safeguards under the Criminal Procedure Code, and the implementation of the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017. Through doctrinal and qualitative methods, this research also sheds light on the role of forensic psychiatry, societal attitudes, institutional lapses, and the rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders. Recommendations are made for policy reform, better training of stakeholders, and greater coordination between legal and mental health institutions.