Liquefaction of Natural Gas (LNG) Facilities in India

Abstract: India’s journey with LNG has been a transformative one. Currently, it stands as the fourth largest importer of LNG globally, highlighting its increasing reliance on this eco-friendly fuel. Natural gas has been formed by the degradation of organic matter accumulated over millions of years. Two main mechanisms (biogenic and thermogenic) are responsible for this degradation. Natural gas is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon constituents and exists as a gas under atmospheric conditions. The objective of gas processing is to separate: Natural gas, Condensate, Non-condensable, Acid gases, and Water. The raw gas is first treated to remove typical contaminants. Next, the treated gas is chilled, cooled, and condensed to 162°C in succession using propane, ethylene, and methane. The last stage is pumping LNG to storage tanks and awaiting shipment. Liquefied natural gas is used to transport natural gas over long distances, often by sea. In most cases, LNG terminals are purpose-built ports used exclusively to export or import LNG. Natural gas consists almost entirely of methane (CH4), the simplest hydrocarbon compound. India is the 14th largest gas consumer 58 bcm (~158 mmscmd), and 4th largest LNG importer 31 bcm (~82 mmscmd), Economy growing at a CAGR of about 6 - 7% with similar growth in Energy Consumption. This paper evaluates the environmental and economic performance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a transition fuel to replace diesel in heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). A Well-to-Wheel (WTW) assessment based on real-world HGV drive cycles is performed to determine the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with LNG relative to diesel. The analysis is complemented with a probabilistic approach to determine the total cost of ownership (TCO) across a range of scenarios. The government aims to significantly increase share of Natural Gas in the Indian Energy basket in the coming years. Despite an increase in domestic gas production dependency on imported gas to increased substantially. The pipeline network- developing into a national grids connecting new markets