Nanotechnology-Driven Antimicrobial Strategies: Metal Nanoparticles Coating for Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI)

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) is one of the most prevalent healthcare-associated infections, it is linked to the prolonged use of urinary catheters in hospitalized patients. Traditional catheter materials, such as silicone and polyurethane, create optimal conditions for microbial colonization and biofilm formation, which contribute to ongoing infections and increasing antibiotic resistance. Conventional antimicrobial coatings often fail due to issues like limited durability, toxicity, or the rise of resistant pathogens. In contrast, nanotechnology presents a groundbreaking solution to these problems. Nanoparticles, owing to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, tunable surface chemistry, and sustained release potential, enable effective antimicrobial action. Metallic nanoparticles such as silver, gold, copper and zinc oxide—have shown broad-spectrum activity against key uropathogens like E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. These nanoparticles disrupt bacterial membranes, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit biofilm development. Innovative coating strategies such as dual-layer Zn/Ag systems, enzyme-mediated silver-lignin hybrids, and Zn-doped CuO coatings have demonstrated significant reductions in bacterial colonization, enhanced biocompatibility, and prolonged antimicrobial activity. Moreover, protective layers like carbon or silica improve coating stability and prevent nanoparticle leaching, ensuring long-term safety and functionality. This review underscores the pivotal role of nanotechnology in redefining antimicrobial catheter surfaces, its mechanism of action and recent advancement in nanotechnology-based coating. As research advances, these next-generation coatings could revolutionize infection control in clinical urology.