Histopathological Study of Lesions in Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

Background: Lesions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (PNS) encompass a broad spectrum of pathological entities ranging from non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions to benign and malignant neoplasms. Despite their anatomical proximity, the diversity in tissue types and exposures contributes to the wide histological variation. Histopathological examination remains the definitive method for diagnosis. To evaluate the histopathological spectrum of lesions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, determine the incidence of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions, and compare findings with those reported in previous studies. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 727 cases received in the Department of Pathology, SBKS MI & RC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, between August 2018 and August 2021. Specimens were subjected to gross and microscopic evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Special stains were applied as required. Lesions were categorized as non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic, premalignant, or malignant based on histopathological features and classified according to the WHO classification system. Results: Out of 727 cases, 649 (89.27%) were non-neoplastic, and 78 (10.73%) were neoplastic. Among neoplastic lesions, benign lesions (n=40; 5.5%) were more common than malignant (n=28; 3.86%). The most frequently encountered non-neoplastic lesion was inflammatory nasal polyp. Among malignant tumors, squamous cell carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma were the predominant types. A male preponderance was observed, with the highest incidence in the second and sixth decades of life. Conclusion: Non-neoplastic lesions form the majority of sinonasal lesions; however, early diagnosis of neoplastic lesions - especially malignant - remains critical due to their potential morbidity. Histopathological examination continues to be the gold standard in accurately diagnosing these diverse lesions.