Principles and Foundations of the Islamic Political System in the Tafsir Ma'ariful Qur'an by Mufti Muhammad Shafi (May Allah Have Mercy on Him)

This research examines the perspective of Mufti Muhammad Shafi (may Allah have mercy on him) on the principles of the Islamic political system, which serve as the foundation of governance in Islam, as well as the fundamental pillars that define how governance should be conducted in accordance with Islamic law. He discussed these principles and pillars in his exegesis Ma'ariful Qur'an while interpreting verses related to this subject. Mufti Muhammad Shafi was among the most prominent scholars of the Indian subcontinent and witnessed the establishment of an independent Islamic state, which made him deeply invested in clarifying the principles of the Islamic political system and guiding the Muslim community and religious movements. His exegesis is considered one of the most reliable among scholars and the general public. Through an inductive and analytical study of his views in Ma'ariful Qur'an, it becomes evident that he thoroughly examined political issues, emphasizing that absolute sovereignty belongs to Allah alone and that legislation must be based on the supremacy of divine law. He distinguished the Islamic political system from democratic and monarchical systems, which grant legislative authority to entities other than Allah. Furthermore, he affirmed the second key principle of the Islamic political system: the people are the source of authority and have the right to participate in the implementation of Islamic law and the derivation of detailed rulings concerning governance within the framework of Sharia. Through his interpretation of Quranic verses, he highlighted justice as a fundamental value in Islam and the primary objective behind the sending of prophets and the revelation of scriptures. Justice, defined as granting each person their due rights, is a cornerstone of the Islamic political system. He emphasized the necessity of cooperation between the government and society to achieve justice and underscored the role of Shura (consultation) as a fair political mechanism that grants people the right to participate in governance. He elaborated on decision-making processes within the Islamic system and how the people should be involved in governance. Additionally, he clarified that preserving human dignity and ensuring complete freedom are among the objectives of Sharia and essential for fulfilling the mission of Khilafah (stewardship) and the development of the earth. He also discussed the concept of Bay'ah (allegiance) as a fundamental component of the Islamic political system, stressing the necessity of conscious obedience to the ruler while maintaining the people's right to hold their leader accountable.