The Evolution of Science and Technology from the Vedic Period to the Modern Era: A Multidisciplinary Perspective within IKS

Abstract: India has a long and distinguished history of scientific and technological advancement, with the Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) at its core. India's seats of learning like Nalanda and Takshashila have greatly influenced multidisciplinary knowledge and intellectual legacy worldwide, from the profound insights of the Vedic era to the ground-breaking discoveries in modern science. By introducing fundamental mathematical concepts like zero and the decimal system, Indian academics established the groundwork for modern computation. Aryabhata and Varahamihira provided astronomical insights that preceded and complemented later Western discoveries, including heliocentric theories and precise planetary calculations. Through texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, Ayurveda also paved the way for holistic and surgical medical practices that are still in use even today. In addition to its historical contributions, IKS offers perpetual advice on current problems faced by Indians. The Indus Valley civilization and ancient Indian traditions inspire sustainable resource management through practices like town planning, sanitation, drainages, organic farming and rainwater harvesting. It is in line with contemporary environmental initiatives. Gandhian nonviolent resistance and other global movements have been impacted by moral precepts such as ‘ahimsa’ (non-violence) and ‘satya’ (truthfulness). Also, the spiritual and cultural wisdom embedded in practices like yoga, meditation, and the classical arts keep encouraging all-round development and personal growth all over the world. The present paper reiterates that IKS is not merely a legacy from the past, but rather a dynamic, ever-evolving system that provides innovative solutions to present and future issues. In this study, it is expected that modern society can benefit from its rich, intellectual heritage by integrating IKS principles into ethical frameworks, sustainability, and educational initiatives. By using a multidisciplinary approach, this study also demonstrates how IKS has evolved and stayed constant throughout history. The evolution of science and technology from the Vedic period to the present has been sincerely explored and examined. It highlights the contributions of a wide range of disciplines, including Engineering, Metallurgy, Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicine, Science, Humanities, etc.