Antimicrobial resistance: A Growing Threat to public health

Abstract A major global health concern, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is caused by the overuse and abuse of antibiotics in many different fields, which results in the growth of resistant microbes. Since the discovery of penicillin, AMR has existed, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has presented serious difficulties for healthcare systems around the globe. Antibiotic abuse in agriculture, human health, and animal health contributes to the development of resistance genes, resulting in a “Silent Pandemic” that may outnumber other causes of death by 2050. The lack of effective antibiotics threatens routine medical procedures and could result in millions of deaths annually if left unchecked. AMR has a significant economic impact, with projected losses in the trillions of dollars and significant financial burdens on healthcare systems and agriculture. AMR affects both humans and animals, and resistant pathogens make it difficult to treat infections. Various mechanisms, such as enzymatic modification and biofilm formation, enable microbes to withstand the effects of antibiotics. Although there are obstacles including algorithmic biases and poor data quality, artificial intelligence is being investigated as a tool to improve diagnoses and treatment approaches in the fight against AMR. A One Health strategy that takes into account environmental, animal, and human variables is essential to effectively combating AMR. This involves strengthening surveillance systems, supporting stewardship programs, and investing in research and development for novel antibiotic choices. To combat AMR and maintain the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations, public awareness, education, and international cooperation are crucial.