ffect of Weather and Climate Changes on Diversity of Fisheries

The impact of weather patterns and climate change on fish biodiversity, both in freshwater and marine ecosystems, is becoming increasingly evident. Changes in global temperatures, ocean acidity, sea level rise, and modified precipitation patterns are all affecting fish species' distribution, behaviour, and population dynamics. Warmer waters have caused certain species' ranges to change; warm-water species are spreading into new regions, while cold-water ones are shrinking. Extreme weather and habitat degradation (e.g., coral bleaching and mangrove loss) pose a threat to fish breeding and nursery sites, but ocean acidification affects calcifying organisms, which are vital to marine food webs. To mitigate these impacts, adaptive and ecosystem-based management strategies are essential. Key approaches include the restoration and protection of critical habitats, such as coral reefs, wetlands, and estuaries; implementation of sustainable fishing practices; and the expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs).