Transition Period in Dairy Cattle

The transition period in dairy cows, spanning three weeks before to three weeks after calving, represents one of the most physiologically demanding phases in the bovine life cycle. During this time, cows undergo significant metabolic, hormonal, and nutritional shifts that predispose them to a range of health disorders. The dramatic increase in nutrient requirements to support fetal growth and the onset of lactation, coupled with reduced feed intake and immune suppression, often leads to negative energy balance (NEB) and associated metabolic complications. Among the most prevalent metabolic disorders observed are ketosis, postparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever), and subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). These conditions, if unmanaged, can result in decreased milk production, impaired reproductive performance, and increased morbidity and mortality. Additionally, disorders such as displaced abomasum, fatty liver syndrome, and laminitis often emerge as secondary complications, further affecting productivity and animal welfare. Effective transition management, emphasizing balanced nutrition, close monitoring, and preventive strategies, is crucial to maintaining optimal cow health and maximizing lactation outcomes.