Technological Innovations And Policy Frameworks For Climate Change Mitigation

Abstract Climate change poses an urgent global challenge, driven primarily by greenhouse gas emissions from energy, transportation, agriculture, and industry. Technological innovations are central to mitigating these emissions and adapting to climate impacts. Renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal have expanded rapidly, providing clean alternatives that reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Advances in energy storage, including solid-state batteries and green hydrogen, enhance the integration and reliability of renewables. Carbon capture technologies, including Direct Air Capture (DAC), Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), and mineral carbonation, are emerging as critical tools to remove existing atmospheric CO₂ and address emissions from hard-to-abate sectors. Precision agriculture, alternative proteins, and regenerative farming practices contribute to lowering agricultural emissions while enhancing carbon sequestration. Additionally, the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) enable real-time monitoring and optimization of energy use, emissions, and resource management across sectors. Innovations in electric vehicles, vehicle-to-grid systems, hydrogen fuel cells, and sustainable aviation fuels are transforming transportation toward net-zero emissions. Collectively, these climate technologies, supported by policy and investment, offer pathways to limit global warming and build resilient, sustainable societies. Continued development and deployment of these solutions are essential to bridging the gap between ambitious climate goals and practical implementation by 2050.