Exploring DNA Damage Responses in Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Future Directions

Abstract DNA disruption is a pivotal event in carcinogenesis, emanating from intrinsic cellular processes and external environmental agents. When inadequately repaired, it leads to hereditary perturbation and oncogenic transformation. This review presents an extensive outline of the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA impairment and repair, focusing on their application in cancer therapy. We explore critical repair pathways, highlight advances in therapeutic strategies as seen in PARP inhibitors, and examine emerging innovations including CRISPR-based interventions and biomarker-driven precision oncology. The barriers, such as resistance, toxicity, and tumor heterogeneity, are critically evaluated. Finally, we dive right into the synergistic potential of amalgamating DDR inhibitors with immunotherapies. This review will be a proactive bridge between mechanistic insights with clinical translation, offering a forward-looking perspective on leveraging DDR in cancer treatment. (Figure 1)