Mathematical modelling of Shoe-Mounted d_33-Mode Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System

This study examines the performance of a shoe-mounted -mode piezoelectric energy harvesting system, specifically its capacity to transform mechanical energy from human motion to electrical energy. We modeled the system's open circuit voltage, energy, and power output for different force amplitudes (, , , and ) and angular frequencies (slow walking at . , fast walking at . , slow jogging at . , and fast jogging at . ). The results show that open circuit voltage increases with force amplitude but stays generally independent of angular frequency, with the exception of a minor departure at higher frequencies and moderate force levels. The modelled harvested energy follows a similar pattern, with direct proportionality to force amplitude and no noticeable frequency dependence. On the other hand, open circuit power shows sensitivity to both angular frequency and force amplitude, growing steadily with greater values of both, indicating an ideal range of performance for dynamic settings. In order to examine the effects of electrical load, dimensionless displacement, voltage, and power were also modeled for a range of normalized external electrical resistances, (0.5, 1.5, and 10.5). We were able to show that external resistance has little effect on displacement, but it increases voltage and power, underscoring the importance of load optimization. These results offer useful recommendations for enhancing the efficiency of piezoelectric energy harvesters as well as a greater comprehension of their mechanical and electrical dynamics. The findings show the possibility of such systems for using human motion to power low-energy devices, which has important ramifications for wearable technology and sustainable energy applications.