Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksworth

Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksworth Notes. The genus Sarocladium was introduced by Gams and Hawksworth (1975) to accommodate two rice (Oryza sativa) pathogens, S. oryzae and S. attenuatum, with the former as type species. Currently, 38 species epithets are recognized for Sarocladium in Mycobank (Accession date: March 10, 2025). Conidiophores of Sarocladium are mononematous, hyaline, arising from aerial mycelium, submerged hyphae or hyphal ropes. They are straight or slightly curved, mono-, poly- or adelophialidic with smooth-walls. Conidia are hyaline to subhyaline, smooth-walled, and highly variable in shape — ranging from cylindrical, bacilliform, oblong, ovoid, fusoid, and limoniform to subglobose or irregular. They are typically produced in slimy heads or dry chains. Additionally, recent studies have reported the occasional presence of crystals and chlamydospores in some species (Giraldo et al. 2015; Hou et al. 2023). Sarocladium has a global distribution (Ou et al. 2020). Species in Sarocladium have been reported as plant pathogens of rice and apple fruit and some species reported as opportunistic human pathogens, and saprophytic fungi in soil or plant debris. Furthermore, recent studies have reported them as endophytes in tropical grasses, coastal grass, and crops (Yeh and Kirschner 2014; Giraldo et al. 2015; Gonzáles-Teuber et al. 2017; Hou et al. 2019; Anjos et al. 2020; Ou et al. 2020).