Sulcophanaeus faunus

Sulcophanaeus faunus (Fabricius, 1775) Fig. 74D Scarabaeus faunus Fabricius, 1775: 23 (original description). Type locality: French Guiana. Name-bearing type: unknown typification status and whereabouts (Zimsen 1964; Edmonds 2000). Scarabaeus faunus – Olivier 1789: 103 (redescription). Copris faunus – Olivier 1790:154 (new combination, redescription).— Sturm 1802: 62 (redescription). — Erichson 1848: 564 (cited). Phanaeus faunus – Erichson 1848: 564 (catalogue). — Harold 1869d: 1017 (list, distribution). — Nevinson 1892: 4 (list). — Gillet 1911b: 83 (catalogue). — d’Olsoufieff 1924: 32, 80, 146 (key, comments, distribution). — Balthasar 1941: 351 (distribution). — Blackwelder 1944: 209 (checklist). Phanaeus (Phanaeus) faunus – Pessôa 1934: 304‒305 (key, redescription). — Vulcano & Pereira 1967: 572 (key). Sulcophanaeus faunus – Edmonds 1972: 823‒824 (new combination, taxonomic discussion); 2000: 8–9 (revision, key). — Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 195 (cited for Brazil). — Vítolo 2000: 595 (key); 2004: 280 (diagnosis). — Medina et al. 2001: 140 (cited for Colombia). — Arnaud 2002b: 131, 133 (key, diagnosis). — Hamel-Leigue et al. 2006: 18 (cited for Bolivia); 2009: 67 (comment). — Carvajal et al. 2011: 320–321 (cited for Ecuador). — Krajcik 2012: 204 (list). — Boilly & Vaz-de-Mello 2013: 105 (illustration). — Figueroa et al. 2014: 132‒133 (comments, cites for Peru). — Ratcliffe et al. 2015: 195 (cited for Peru). — Boilly et al. 2016: 89, 95 (cited for French Guiana). — Chamorro et al. 2018: 98 (cited for Ecuador); 2019: 236‒237 (catalogue). — Larsen 2011: 99 (cited for Suriname); 2013: 97 (list). — Feer 2000: 32 (cited for French Guiana). — Feer & Pincebourde 2005: 30 (list). — Gardner et al. 2008: table S1 (ecology). — Pacheco & Vaz-de-Mello 2015: 2 (list). Sulcophaneus [sic] faunus – Forsyth & Gill 1993: 70 (list). — Quintero & Roslin 2005: appendix A (list). Distribution Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Subregions of Venezuela System of hills and low piedmont mountains of the Guiana Shield. Literature recordd’Olsoufieff 1924: 80 (Venezuela). — Balthasar 1941: 351 (Venezuela); 1951: 336 (Venezuela). — Martínez & Clavijo 1990: 6 (Venezuela: Amazonas). — Arnaud 2002b: 133 (Venezuela: Amazonas). — Vítolo 2004: 280 (Venezuela). Remarks Although the CEMT houses no specimens of Sulcophanaeus faunus originating from Venezuela, the presence of the species in the country is certain. This is a highly characteristic and widely distributed element of the Amazonian fauna, and there is no chance that such an experienced scarab specialist as Antonio Martínez would have misidentified the three specimens he studied from Atabapo, Amazonas state (Martínez & Clavijo 1990). The same is true for d’Olsoufieff (1924), even though his material bore information no more specific than just the name of the country. The other records for Venezuela found in the literature are all based on either Martínez & Clavijo or d’Olsoufieff.