A Review on The Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology

The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. This review explores various biological entities, including plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae, as sources for synthesizing AgNPs. The biogenic process offers several advantages, such as low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced biocompatibility, making it highly suitable for medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental applications. The mechanism of AgNP biosynthesis involves the reduction of silver ions (Ag⁺) to metallic silver (Ag⁰) through bioactive compounds, followed by nanoparticle nucleation and stabilization. Characterization techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electron microscopy help confirm the successful synthesis and properties of AgNPs. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, AgNPs have been widely applied in antimicrobial coatings, drug delivery systems, biosensors, water purification, and catalysis. However, challenges such as variability in nanoparticle size, large-scale production limitations, and potential cytotoxic effects necessitate further research. Future studies should focus on optimizing synthesis methods, improving nanoparticle stability, and assessing environmental and health risks to ensure their safe and effective use. This review highlights recent advancements in biogenic AgNP synthesis, its applications in nanotechnology, and potential future directions for enhancing its practical applications.