Keezhadi: Unravelling the Economic Sophistication, Social Dynamics, and Cultural Interconnections of an Ancient Tamil Urban Center

Abstract The archaeological site of Keezhadi, a significant proto-urban to urban settlement from the Sangam Age (approximately sixth century BCE to third century CE) in Tamil Nadu, India, provides profound insights into the complexities of ancient Tamil society. This scholarly publication synthesizes extensive archaeological findings to present a comprehensive analysis of Keezhadi's economic activities, social organization, linguistic landscape, and broader historical context. Evidence indicates a robust foundational economy rooted in agriculture and animal husbandry, supported by advanced water-management systems. A high degree of craft specialization, particularly in pottery, textiles, bead-making, and metalworking, suggests a surplus economy and a diversified workforce. Extensive internal and external trade networks, facilitated by sophisticated weighing systems and the use of early coinage, positioned Keezhadi as a crucial regional and international trade hub. Socially, the site suggests a nuanced structure with occupational differentiation, probable patrilineal kinship, and indications of a secular and egalitarian society, especially concerning women's roles, which is distinct from the rigid, later Vedic caste systems. Linguistically, the presence of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions, some potentially dating to the sixth century BCE, along with graffiti marks bearing resemblance to the Indus script, significantly advances the understanding of Tamil's antiquity and its unique Dravidian identity. By comparing the findings of Keezhadi with D.D. Kosambi's historical materialism, this study underscores its role as a dynamic participant in broader Indian urbanization and cultural processes, challenging monolithic historical narratives. Keywords Keezhadi, Sangam Age, Urbanism, Economic Specialization, Tamil-Brahmi, Dravidian Culture, Trade Networks, Social Stratification, Archaeological Findings, South India.