A Comprehensive Review of Physicochemical Properties and Their Impact on Freshwater Ecosystem

AbstractAquatic systems are critical for India's and its people's biological, economic, and ecological health. Floods, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs provide essential water for supply, irrigation, and are home to diverse species. However, these ecosystems are under increasing threat from pollution, over-exploitation, and climate change, leading to significant alterations in the physicochemical properties of water. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the published literature from the past decade on Indian water bodies, focusing on parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, turbidity, salinity, and nutrients. The study indicates that pollution and the impacts of global climate change have severely affected aquatic life, ecosystems, and water quality. For example, excessive nutrient input has led to eutrophication, and temperature fluctuations influencing dissolved oxygen (DO) levels have harmed fish populations in the Ganges and Yamuna. Additionally, water quality deterioration has social and economic implications for local communities relying on these water resources. The study underscores the urgent need for sustainable water management, improved monitoring, and the formulation of effective policies aimed at restoring water quality, preserving ecosystems, and enhancing ecosystem services. The physicochemical quality of water is vital for maintaining biodiversity, supporting the provision of ecosystem goods and services, and ensuring water availability. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring, exploring emerging environmental challenges, and identifying innovative solutions to protect and rehabilitate aquatic ecosystems.