Sandstone Quarrying for Temple Construction: Ancient Techniques and Stonecraft Wisdom in Southeast Asia

This article explores the ancient techniques of sandstone quarrying and temple construction in mainland Southeast Asia, with a focus on northeastern Thailand. Drawing from archaeological evidence in areas such as Si Khio, Sema, and Sung Noen, it highlights the ingenuity of Khmer-era stone masons during the 11th–14th centuries CE. The study examines traditional methods such as cutting, levering, and polishing stone, as well as the use of natural features like potholes (Gumpalaksana) to assist in the quarrying process. Various techniques including wooden wedges, thermal shock, and water transportation demonstrate the harmonious blend of local wisdom and environmental adaptation. The findings reveal not only the engineering skills of ancient craftsmen but also their cultural values of cooperation, spiritual devotion, and architectural precision in creating enduring religious monuments