Formation and development of physical education in Bashkiria

The purpose of the study is to analyze the formation and development of physical education in pre-revolutionary Bashkiria to borrow all the most advanced of its improvement. To achieve this goal, an analysis of curricula, programs, textbooks and teaching aids, as well as the pedagogical activities of teachers of educational institutions was conducted. The study revealed that the education system in pre-revolutionary Bashkiria developed in two directions: Muslim and state (Russian-language) education. Despite the early revival of Muslim education, general education subjects began to be studied only at the end of the 19th century. In state (Orthodox) educational institutions of secondary general education, natural science subjects, in particular physics, were already taught as a separate subject by that time. The content of the curricula in physics is not presented in full, it was limited only to issues of classical mechanics, molecular physics, electrodynamics and geometric optics. Textbooks and teaching aids on natural science subjects were translated into the Tatar language, the authors of which were the teachers of Muslim educational institutions themselves. In state educational institutions, physics was studied using the second edition of the “Wolfian Experimental Physics”, abridged from the German original into Latin, from which it was translated into Russian by M. Lomonosov.