Grand Potential for Matter–Antimatter Asymmetry Revisiting Baryogenesis in the Light of Modern Data

Abstract: The observed matter–antimatter asymmetry in the universe remains one of the most significant unresolved questions in modern physics. Standard Big Bang cosmology predicts nearly equal amounts of matter and antimatter, yet observations indicate a universe overwhelmingly dominated by matter. This discrepancy suggests the existence of new physics beyond the Standard Model, requiring mechanisms that violate baryon number (B), charge-parity (CP) symmetry, and thermal equilibrium as outlined by Sakharov’s conditions. This paper revisits baryogenesis and leptogenesis models in light of modern observational and experimental data, including results from high-energy particle collisions (LHC), cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies (Planck), neutrino physics, and gravitational wave signatures from early universe dynamics. We explore whether new scalar fields, higher-dimensional operators, or modified electroweak interactions could provide a consistent and testable explanation for the matter–antimatter imbalance. Additionally, we assess the role of grand unified theories (GUTs), CPT-violating effects, and axion-like particles in addressing this fundamental cosmological mystery. Key Highlights: Re-evaluation of baryogenesis mechanisms using updated experimental and observational constraints. Leptogenesis and electroweak baryogenesis as potential explanations for matter–antimatter asymmetry. Implications of CP-violation measurements from particle physics experiments. Gravitational wave signatures from baryogenesis-related phase transitions. Connections to dark matter and early-universe cosmology. By integrating cosmology, high-energy physics, and gravitational wave astrophysics, this work presents a comprehensive reassessment of baryogenesis, offering novel perspectives on how future experiments and cosmological surveys could help resolve the mystery of the matter–antimatter asymmetry. Keywords: Baryogenesis, matter–antimatter asymmetry, leptogenesis, CP violation, Standard Model extensions, grand unified theories, cosmic microwave background, gravitational waves, high-energy physics, early universe cosmology.