A Study of Clinical and Pathological Correlations in Hemodialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background and Aim: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a significant global health challenge, linked to heightened rates of morbidity and mortality. The primary aim of this study is to assess the clinical manifestations and different pathological changes in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis. It also seeks to compare and correlate various clinical and pathological parameters in these patients, with a particular focus on those with diabetic kidney disease. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at a Tertiary Care Teaching Institute in India, involving 80 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A structured questionnaire that underwent pre-testing was developed to gather clinical data and results from pathological investigations. All clinical data were meticulously documented and analysed in relation to different haematological and biochemical parameters. Results: Elevated blood pressure was observed in 60 patients (75%), while the remaining 20 patients (25%) exhibited a BP of 160 mmHg. Additionally, 10 out of the 60 patients (16.6%) had blood pressure readings ranging from 120 to 139 mmHg. The analysis revealed that patients with chronic kidney disease exhibited significantly reduced levels of RBC count, haemoglobin, hematocrit/PCV, and platelet count (p<0.05) when compared to the average values observed in healthy adults. Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to various abnormalities in haematological and biochemical parameters, highlighting the necessity for early investigation and intervention. Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) exhibit a higher level of risk when compared to those with Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease (NDKD).