Models and Structures for Dual Technical and Vocational Education Training: A Comparative Review Study of the German, Swiss, and Austrian Models and their Potential Lessons for Kenya

ABSTRACT Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) systems are essential for equipping individuals with practical skills, enhancing employability, and fostering economic growth. In Kenya, efforts have been made to strengthen the TVET sector through the implementation of the National Policy on Technical and Vocational Education and Training. However, challenges such as negative perceptions of TVET and limited resources persist. To address these challenges, a comparative study of successful Dual Technical and Vocational Education Training (DT-VET) models in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria was conducted to draw lessons for Kenya. Germany's dual apprenticeship system combines theoretical training in vocational schools with practical training in companies. Switzerland emphasizes practical learning and cooperation between companies and training centers, while Austria integrates apprenticeship and school-based learning, recognizing prior experiences. The study identifies key success factors, including strong industry partnerships, industry-driven curricula, and effective quality assurance mechanisms. It also highlights challenges such as gender imbalances in apprenticeships and negative perceptions of vocational education. To tackle these challenges, potential solutions were proposed, including the promotion of industry collaboration, the development of region-specific curricula, enhanced gender equity, the integration of digital skills, and investment in TVET infrastructure. In conclusion, the study suggests key areas for improvement in Kenya's TVET system, such as advocating collaborative approaches, diversifying the curriculum, and promoting gender inclusivity. By adopting best practices from successful DT-VET models, Kenya can strengthen its TVET system, empower its youth, and foster sustainable economic growth.