Propionate Induces Energy Expenditure via Browning in Mesenteric Adipose Tissue_Supplementary Material

Short-chain fatty acids like propionate are generated through the fermentation of dietary fibre by gut microbiota and play a key role in modulating adipose tissue metabolism, thereby influencing whole-body metabolic regulation. Abdominal adipose tissue—which includes mesenteric, omental, and subcutaneous depots based on anatomical location—is central to maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis. These tissues exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics due to differences in adipocyte lineages, including white, brown, and beige adipocytes. Emerging evidence suggests that propionate has a notable effect on abdominal adipose tissue. In our study, we explored the effects of propionate on all three types of human abdominal adipose tissue.