Collection and review of information on nanomaterial-based and nano enabled plant protection products, biocidal products and fertilising products

This work, under the European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials (EUON), evaluates nanomaterial applications in biocidal, plant protection, and fertilising products for agriculture. It addresses knowledge gaps on applications, exposure and hazards of nanomaterials and nano-agrochemicals, as well as advantages of using them, highlighting the transition to nanomaterial-based and nano-enabled alternatives. An extensive literature search found 3,052 relevant documents from databases with scientific literature and grey literature, assessing nano-agrochemicals' market presence and their comparative efficacy and safety. The analysis of these documents found that nano-agrochemicals often offer enhanced performance, suggesting a shift towards sustainable agriculture. However, existing regulation, notably the Plant Protection Products Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 and Fertilising Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009, lack specific provisions for nanoforms, unlike the Biocidal Products Regulation (EU) 528/2012. Recommendations include updating legislation to incorporate nano-agrochemical definition and considerations, establishing a framework for standardized use instructions, creating an EU-level nano-agrochemicals database, and implementing a notification system for manufacturers. Systematic literature reviews and mandatory toxicity and ecotoxicity tests are advised to support efficacy claims and understand regulatory impacts. The present report is meant to ensure broad awareness of nanomaterials safety and utilization in agriculture, aiming for a balance between productivity and minimal health and environmental impacts.