The Role of Cation Substitution and Structural Stability in ABO₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

ABO₃ perovskite solar cells have emerged as one of the most promising technologies in the field of photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties, high power conversion efficiencies, and potential for low-cost manufacturing. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing the performance and stability of ABO₃ perovskites in solar cells. The role of material composition, specifically the substitution of A- and B-site cations, is discussed in terms of its effect on the electronic structure, bandgap, and charge carrier dynamics. Crystallinity, grain boundaries, and defect states are highlighted as critical factors in determining charge transport and recombination, with highly crystalline materials exhibiting superior performance due to reduced recombination losses. Environmental stability issues, such as degradation under humidity, temperature fluctuations, and UV exposure, are explored, along with potential strategies for improving long-term device stability.