Hypertension Demystified: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Hypertension (HTN) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and mortality, affecting 1 billion people worldwide and causing up to 9 million deaths annually. Often called the "silent killer," it results from a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors. This review provides an overview of key rodent models used in hypertension research, including recent advances in blood pressure monitoring techniques. It covers the complications and pathophysiology of hypertension, the roles of various factors, and the use of preclinical models (both in-vivo and in-vitro). We discuss genetic, transgenic, and ecological rodent models, emphasizing the importance of reliable blood pressure measurement methods. Common techniques include non-invasive methods like the Tail Cuff and Electrocardiography, and invasive methods such as Carotid Artery Cannualation and Caudal Ventral Artery monitoring. While intra-arterial catheters offer greater accuracy, they require surgical procedures. The review also addresses emerging technologies in blood pressure monitoring. In summary, traditional and genetic animal models provide crucial insights into hypertension, helping researchers understand its mechanisms and develop potential treatments. Keywords: Hypertension, Pre-clinical model, Pathophysiology, Transgenic, In-vivo, In-vitro