Biofilm Formation and Its Role in Chronic Infections: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract: - Biofilm formation is a critical phenomenon in the context of chronic infections, significantly contributing to the persistence and resistance of bacterial pathogens against therapeutic interventions. Biofilms, which are structured communities of bacteria encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix, pose substantial challenges in clinical settings due to their inherent resistance to antibiotics and the host immune response. The mechanisms of biofilm formation involve multiple stages, including initial adhesion, maturation, and dispersion, and are influenced by factors such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and quorum sensing. Notably, chronic infections associated with biofilms, including those found in cystic fibrosis, urinary tract infections, and chronic wounds, highlight the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. Traditional antibiotic treatments often fail to eradicate biofilm-associated bacteria, leading to persistent infections and significant morbidity. This article aims to explore the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation, the implications for chronic infections, and current therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting biofilms to enhance treatment efficacy.