Evolution and Development of formalized Marriage Traditions in World Civilization: A Historical Experience from Sukumaland Marriage Traditions, Tanzania.

Abstract This paper delves into analyzing the evolution and development of formalized marriage traditions in World history. Specific objectives of the study were to: identify formalized marriage traditions in Sukumaland from 1500 A.D to date; analyze the historical aspects of formalized Sukumaland marriage traditions towards elevating society; and examine the challenges faced by indigenous marriage formalities in the contemporary Tanzanian society. The study employed both Structural-functionalist and Social-Exchange Theories as an analytical tool to identify diverse formalized Sukuma marriage traditions in the micro-level of the couple families which describes marriage arrangements through courtiship and forms of negotiations for a successful and prosperous Sukumaland marriage. The study used both primary and secondary sources of data. Data was gathered from Sukuma Custodians of marriage traditions, Sukuma family/clan members involved in a formalized Sukumaland marriage, and Bujora Sukuma Cultural Museum Curator/Moderator. Documentary review sources such as Marriage history books, journal articles, research papers and online sources have been used to surfice other sources. Findings have revealed that for centuries people in Sukumaland have adhered to diverse socially formalized marriage traditions/forms such as Bulehiwa (elopment) and Bulunjiwa (socially formalized marriage) which have signified the people in Sukumaland as a civilized society. The study concludes that, married partners should adhere to their socially formalized and acceptable marriage traditions for a continous, sustainable, civilized and durable life marriages. The study recommends that, married couples should abstain from copying other peoples' marriage traditions which are characteristic of mere animals such as lesbians and same sex marriages that are meaningless among Africans. Keywords: Evolution, Development, History, Marriage, Civilization, Traditions, Society, Sukumaland.