Engineering Geological and Geotechnical Investigations of Major Dams: A Review of the Sardar Sarovar (Narmada) and Karjan Dams, Gujarat, India

This review paper examines the engineering geological and geotechnical investigations conducted for the Sardar Sarovar (Narmada) Dam and the Karjan Dam in Gujarat, India. The Narmada River, a major west-flowing river in India, traverses a complex geological environment characterized by Deccan basalt and infra-trappean sedimentary rocks. The Sardar Sarovar Dam, a concrete gravity dam, and the Karjan Dam, a masonry-concrete gravity dam, faced significant challenges due to these geological conditions. This paper reviews the methodologies employed in geological and geotechnical assessments, including literature reviews, geological studies, seismotectonic analyses, and engineering geological evaluations. It also addresses issues such as rock mass characterization, foundation treatment strategies, and seismic considerations. Detailed investigations have identified problems such as settlement, sliding, and seepage in both dams. The key findings underscore the importance of comprehensive geotechnical investigations and tailored treatments to ensure the stability and safety of large-scale dam projects in complex geological settings.