Grapsidae Family (Decapoda, Brachyura), Semi-Terrestrial Crabs, in Ecotoxicology: State of Knowledge and New Molecular Biomarker Dataset to Develop Investigations

Table 1).The molecular phylogeny confirmed that Grapsidae is a monophyletic family [4].Nevertheless, Pachygrapsus, the most diversified genus, is revealed polyphyletic.The polyphyly of Pachygrapsus was also suggested by Wetzer, et al. [5], Schubart [6] and Tsang, et al. [7].The grapsids have a large geographic distribution.Geograpsus, Metopograpsus, and Planes are Indo-Pacific genera.Goniopsis is found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Grapsus is present in the Atlantic (West-central coast) and Indo-Pacific Oceans.Leptograpsus is observed in the Atlantic, and in the Pacific Oceans and along Australian coasts