What were Marcel Duchamp's 'Ready-mades' and what impact do you think that they made on twentieth-century art?

In the letter well known to art historians, dated 15th January 1916, and addressed to his sister Suzanne, Marcel Duchamp (Naumann and Obalk, 2000 p.44) described his idea of creating what he called Ready-mades for the first time. He explained that he purchased ‘various objects in the same taste,’ signed them, and gave them the titles. He asked her to not try ‘to understand this in the Romantic or Impressionist or Cubist sense’ because there were no associations. He even provided her with detailed instructions on how to create a Ready-made' with his signature on it remotely. Jacob Lund and Jacob Wamberg (2019, p.6) argue that ‘This impersonal mode of art-making seems to be fundamental for Duchamp.’ He wanted to depart from traditional art which he considered ‘retinal’- pleasing only the eye and not the mind. In his opinion, visual art failed by being only a representation. His Ready-mades, on the contrary, had no representational function, they were what they were, the actual objects not the images of them, ‘conceived … as a form of communication devoid of aesthetic enjoyment’ (Golding, 1973 p.56). They were his revolutionary response to the established canon of art. This paper will explore what exactly the Ready-mades were and discuss the way they impacted twentieth-century art.