Precision Medicine in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Current Approaches and Future Directions

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly, significantly impacting their quality of life. AMD is classified into two main types: dry (non-neovascular) and wet (neovascular) AMD. While the dry form is more prevalent, the wet form is associated with more severe vision impairment. The variability of AMD, influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, presents a significant challenge in its management. Precision medicine, which tailors healthcare according to individual differences, has emerged as a promising approach for diagnosing, treating, and preventing AMD. This represents a paradigm shift in the management of AMD. By customizing treatments based on individual genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, precision medicine can potentially improve outcomes for AMD patients. This review comprehensively evaluates current precision medicine strategies in AMD, addresses existing challenges, and explores the potential for personalized interventions to enhance patient outcomes.