Otoritas Kufah Asy-Sya‘bī dan Konstruksi Sanad: Kritik terhadap Pendekatan Joseph Schacht dalam Studi Hadis Tabi‘in

This study aims to describe and critique Joseph Schacht’s arguments regarding the historicity of the authority of Asy-Sya‘bī (d. 103–110 AH), a prominent figure in Kufah, as presented in his monumental work “The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence”. Asy-Sya‘bī’s authority is widely recognized within the Islamic scholarly tradition, particularly in the rijāl literature that documents the credibility of hadith transmitters. However, Schacht posits a controversial hypothesis that the name of Asy-Sya‘bī was often artificially employed by hadith scholars and early madhhab figures to reinforce legal positions. This research employs a qualitative-descriptive approach, utilizing documentary analysis and historical-critical methods on both primary and secondary sources. The analysis reveals that Schacht’s claims are heavily influenced by his theoretical framework regarding the early development of Islamic law, including the concept of the common link as an indicator of fabricated chains of transmission (sanad). Although some of the evidence presented appears compelling, Schacht’s generalization of asy-Sya‘bī’s authority is reductive and overlooks the contextual dynamics of scholarship during the Tabi‘in period. Furthermore, critiques of the common link theory suggest that assumptions regarding the inauthenticity of the sanad cannot be accepted unconditionally. Therefore, this study affirms that asy-Sya‘bī’s position as a legal authority in Kufah remains significant and should not be disregarded in the study of Islamic legal history. Interpretations of asy-Sya‘bī’s role must take into account the complexity of knowledge transmission and authority in early Islamic times. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan mengkritik argumen Joseph Schacht mengenai kesejarahan otoritas asy-Sya‘bī (w. 103–110 H) seorang figur terkemuka di Kufah, sebagaimana dikemukakan dalam karya monumental The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Otoritas asy-Sya‘bī diakui secara luas dalam tradisi keilmuan Islam, terutama dalam literatur rijāl yang merekam kredibilitas perawi hadis. Namun, Schacht mengajukan hipotesis kontroversial bahwa nama asy-Sya‘bī kerap digunakan secara rekayasa oleh ulama hadis dan tokoh mazhab awal untuk memperkuat posisi hukum masing-masing. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dengan metode analisis dokumenter dan kritik historis terhadap data primer dan sekunder. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa klaim Schacht sangat dipengaruhi oleh konstruksi teoretisnya tentang perkembangan hukum Islam awal, termasuk konsep common link sebagai indikator fabrikasi sanad. Meskipun beberapa bukti yang diajukannya tampak kuat, generalisasi Schacht terhadap otoritas asy-Sya‘bī cenderung reduktif dan mengabaikan konteks dinamika keilmuan pada masa tabi‘in. Lebih jauh, kritik terhadap teori common link menunjukkan bahwa asumsi tentang ketidakotentikan sanad tidak dapat diterima secara mutlak. Dengan demikian, studi ini menegaskan bahwa posisi asy-Sya‘bī sebagai otoritas hukum di Kufah tetap signifikan dan tidak dapat diabaikan dalam studi sejarah hukum Islam. Interpretasi terhadap peran asy-Sya‘bī perlu mempertimbangkan kompleksitas transmisi ilmu dan otoritas pada masa awal Islam.

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Journal
Al-Qudwah
Published
2025-06-23
DOI
https://doi.org/10.24014/alqudwah.v3i1.34464
Primary Topic
Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
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article

Otoritas Kufah Asy-Sya‘bī dan Konstruksi Sanad: Kritik terhadap Pendekatan Joseph Schacht dalam Studi Hadis Tabi‘in

Al-Qudwah
Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
article

Otoritas Kufah Asy-Sya‘bī dan Konstruksi Sanad: Kritik terhadap Pendekatan Joseph Schacht dalam Studi Hadis Tabi‘in

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Abstract

This study aims to describe and critique Joseph Schacht’s arguments regarding the historicity of the authority of Asy-Sya‘bī (d. 103–110 AH), a prominent figure in Kufah, as presented in his monumental work “The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence”. Asy-Sya‘bī’s authority is widely recognized within the Islamic scholarly tradition, particularly in the rijāl literature that documents the credibility of hadith transmitters. However, Schacht posits a controversial hypothesis that the name of Asy-Sya‘bī was often artificially employed by hadith scholars and early madhhab figures to reinforce legal positions. This research employs a qualitative-descriptive approach, utilizing documentary analysis and historical-critical methods on both primary and secondary sources. The analysis reveals that Schacht’s claims are heavily influenced by his theoretical framework regarding the early development of Islamic law, including the concept of the common link as an indicator of fabricated chains of transmission (sanad). Although some of the evidence presented appears compelling, Schacht’s generalization of asy-Sya‘bī’s authority is reductive and overlooks the contextual dynamics of scholarship during the Tabi‘in period. Furthermore, critiques of the common link theory suggest that assumptions regarding the inauthenticity of the sanad cannot be accepted unconditionally. Therefore, this study affirms that asy-Sya‘bī’s position as a legal authority in Kufah remains significant and should not be disregarded in the study of Islamic legal history. Interpretations of asy-Sya‘bī’s role must take into account the complexity of knowledge transmission and authority in early Islamic times. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan mengkritik argumen Joseph Schacht mengenai kesejarahan otoritas asy-Sya‘bī (w. 103–110 H) seorang figur terkemuka di Kufah, sebagaimana dikemukakan dalam karya monumental The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Otoritas asy-Sya‘bī diakui secara luas dalam tradisi keilmuan Islam, terutama dalam literatur rijāl yang merekam kredibilitas perawi hadis. Namun, Schacht mengajukan hipotesis kontroversial bahwa nama asy-Sya‘bī kerap digunakan secara rekayasa oleh ulama hadis dan tokoh mazhab awal untuk memperkuat posisi hukum masing-masing. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dengan metode analisis dokumenter dan kritik historis terhadap data primer dan sekunder. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa klaim Schacht sangat dipengaruhi oleh konstruksi teoretisnya tentang perkembangan hukum Islam awal, termasuk konsep common link sebagai indikator fabrikasi sanad. Meskipun beberapa bukti yang diajukannya tampak kuat, generalisasi Schacht terhadap otoritas asy-Sya‘bī cenderung reduktif dan mengabaikan konteks dinamika keilmuan pada masa tabi‘in. Lebih jauh, kritik terhadap teori common link menunjukkan bahwa asumsi tentang ketidakotentikan sanad tidak dapat diterima secara mutlak. Dengan demikian, studi ini menegaskan bahwa posisi asy-Sya‘bī sebagai otoritas hukum di Kufah tetap signifikan dan tidak dapat diabaikan dalam studi sejarah hukum Islam. Interpretasi terhadap peran asy-Sya‘bī perlu mempertimbangkan kompleksitas transmisi ilmu dan otoritas pada masa awal Islam.

Al-QudwahVol. 3(1)
Al-Azhar University (EG), Al-Azhar University (ID), Universitas Islam Kadiri (ID), Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Openalex Percentile: Top 51%
Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
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